1900 Birth Of The Woodcraft Movement In America

Ernest Thompson Seton – an overview of important dates in his life

Picture from p. 14 Seton 1874. ~z~ SML
Picture from p. 16 Seton 1910. ~z~ LOC

1860

On August 14, Ernest Thompson Seton is born in South Shields, Northern England, at the mouth of River Tyne, just under four miles from the city of Newcastle.

1874

Together with his brothers and friends, he founds the Robin Hood Band in Toronto. In the same year he builds a cabin named Glenyan in Don River Valley, where he often escapes from home. Many years later, his memories of those adventures appear in his autobiographical novel Two Little Savages.

1866

The family migrates to Lindsay, Ontario, Canada. His father hopes to establish a successful farm there after his ship-owning business has gone bankrupt. The family moves to Toronto four years later.

1876

The beginnings of his career as a painter. Seton becomes an apprentice of an amateur portait painter in Toronto. Two years later he becomes a student of Ontario College of Art.

1879

He celebrates his first great success: he is awarded a gold medal by the College. This is a prerequisite for Seton to study at the Royal Academy in London, where he travels in June that year. Not only he studies painting there, but also discovers works of distinguished naturalists in the library of the British Museum.

1881

At the end of the year Seton returns home in broken health, and his parents send him to his brother Arthur's homestead in Manitoba to recover.

1882 – 1884

In Manitoba he enjoys an independent, free lifestyle. Later on he refers to these times as his "golden days". Local nature captivates him, a naturalist's personality grows inside him.During his stay, Seton meets Chaska, a Native American who impresses him greatly and sparks a life-long deep interest in Native Americans in him. Seton publishes his first natural-scientific articles in the Alka magazine and is preparing for the publication of his first scientific works, Mammals of Manitoba (published 1886) and Birds of Manitoba (published 1891).

1886

He works on 1,000 illustrations for The Century Dictionary which is in preparation.

1891

On January 19, Seton begins his studies at the Académie Julian in Paris. In March, he presents his first famous painting at the Parisian Grand Salon of Painting – The Sleeping Wolf.

1892

Seton offers his painting Triumph of the Wolves to be presented at the Grand Salon of Painting. As his friends insist, he renames it Awaited in Vain. The painting does not get accepted, so he sends it to Chicago where it is presented at the World's Columbian Exposition the following year.

1894

He gets hired as a wolf hunter at a ranch in Clayton, New Mexico, USA. He traces a wolf named Lobo and his mate Blanca in the Currumpaw River Valley. He relieves local farmers of the rampages, but goes through a deep catharsis. He becomes a protector of animals and the experience serves him when writing his first famous novel about animals – about Lobo, the wolf king. He becomes a writer and the founder of the genre of animal fiction.

1894

In July on a ship to Paris he meets Grace Gallatin, his future wife, for the first time. In Paris, Seton resumes his studies of art, and at the end of the year he signs a contract with the publishing house Macmillan & Company for the publication of Studies in the Art Anatomy of Animals, a book reputable to this day. The book is published at the beginning of 1896.

1895

Seton paints another "wolf" painting – The Pursuit.

1896

On June 1 he marries Grace Gallatin. Having settled down in New York, he meets a number of distinguished hunters, naturalists and writers over a short period of time: Theodor Roosevelt, William Hornaday, Hamlin Garland, George Bird Grinnell, and others. Thanks to his knowledge of the life of wolves, his friends start calling him Wolf Thompson.

1897

In March, Grace organizes a selling exhibition of Seton's paintings in New York. At the exhibition opening, the publisher George O. Shields offers to pay for them to stay in Yellowstone the entire summer if Seton writes and draws something specially for his magazine Recreation.

During his stay, Seton collects a wide range of motives, and writes a number of stories which are later prepared for publication by Grace.

In autumn, George O. Shields founds an organization called The League of American Sportsmen (LAS). Seton is among those interested in becoming members.

1898

The book Wild Animals I Have Known gets a lot of attention, so Seton becomes a famous writer in a record-breaking short time. He is named the Second Vicepresident of LAS and heads to Yellowstone again in summer.

1899

Seton finds out that people are willing to pay even for his storytelling. Thanks to that, he begins an era of renowned and sought-after lectures that further reinforce the sales of books. One of these lectures is visited by a well-known impresario James B. Pond who offers Seton a highly lucrative deal for his own tour of lectures from October to March of the following year. Thank to this, Seton earns enough money to make his dream come true.

1900

The Setons purchase the lands of a former Native American reservation northeast from New York in Cos Cob, where they wish to build their new home, a nature park. Seton names it Wyndygoul – after a place with the same name, owned by his ancestors in Scotland.

However, the boys from Cos Cob consider putting up a fence a violation of their rights. Seton organizes an Indian-style camp for them on the lands to gain their sympathy. This is how the future tribe of Woodcraft Indians – the Sinawa tribe – comes into existence.

The tribe is a new source of inspiration for him. An announcement appears in the December issue of the Ladies Home Journal that throughout the following year, sample chapters from his new autobiography Two Little Savages would be published there.

1901

The contruction works at Wyndygoul have to be suspended due to lack of funds. Grace has issues with her father who refuses to pay her her money. He does not get convinced even by their personal visit in California. Seton combines the journey with a lectures tour, but the profit is not as high as the couple expected. In order to wind down, they go hunting to Colorado in August, accompanied by John Goff. There, under the snowy peaks of the Rocky Mountains, Seton makes the first note for the planned "woodcreafter dictionary" in his diary on September 25. As soon as on October 10, however, they get detained for violating the animal protection laws of the state of Colorado and are forced to return to Wyndygoul prematurely.

1902

Instead of sample chapters from Two Little Savages, in May the Ladies Home Journal starts publishing a series of articles, later identified as the first edition of The Birch Bark Roll. Thus, Seton addresses the public with the topic of an education plan for boys for the first time. Therefore, this marks the beginning of the Woodcraft Movement.

1903

In summer, the novel Two Little Savages is finally published at the same time as a thin booklet called How to Play Indian – the first book edition (and second edition altogether) of the Birch Bark Roll which becomes very famous later on.

1904

A daughter called Ann is born to the Setons. She eventually becomes a successful writer under the name Anya Seton.

1906

On October 30, Ernest Thompson Seton and Lord Baden-Powell meet in the Savoy Hotel in London. Baden-Powell informs Seton of his intentions to set up an organization in England similar to Seton's, which he names The Boy Scouts.

1907

Seton and a group of his companions travel to the Arctic landscapes of Northern Canada in canoes. In 1911 he publishes the chronicle The Arctic Prairies.

1908

Baden-Powell establishes a scouting association in England. His movement spreads almost instantly to the American continent and becomes a competitor to Woodcraft Indians.

1910

On February 8, the organization The Boy Scouts of America is founded, which soon reaches 200,000 registered members. At the end of the year, the scouts give Seton the honorary title of Chief Scout.

1911

The book Rolf in the Woods is published for the first time, in which Seton presents his idea of the perfect scout.

1914

World War I breaks out in summer. Pressure on immigrants in the USA is growing to declare their loyalty by naturalization (application for the US citizenship).

1915

Seton, who travels to England in January, is deposed as the Chief Scout by the leadership of BSA. His eventual return to this position depends on naturalization. Grace and her friends perceive this as an insult and take the first steps to establish a new independent woodcrafting organization. In November 1915, it is voted at an assembly to merge Woodcraft Boys and Woodcraft Girls to form a new organization. On 6 December 1915 Seton announces by means of the media that he is leaving BSA.

1916

On January 1, the Woodcraft League of America is officially established in New York.

1917

The Totem Board, the official bulletin of the Woodcraft League of America, is published from September on. USA enter the war alongside France and the United Kingdom, and a number of woodcrafters, including Grace, depart for Europe. Seton, rejected by the Army due to his age, releases a new novel: The Preacher of Cedar Mountain.

1918

Seton meets Julia Moss Buttree for the first time. She will later become his wife and remain by his side until his death.

1921

Czechoslovak woodcrafters get in touch with WLA and Seton.

1925

The first volume of Seton's largest natural-scientific work Lives of Game Animals is published.

1926

Seton is nominated for the highest award in scouting – the Silver Buffalo Award – for his service to American boys.

1927

Seton spends the summer in Indian reservations on the Northern Plains and then in the pueblos of New Mexico. This land enchants him so much that he decides to build a new home there.

1929

In the Land of Enchantment, as they call New Mexico, Seton accompanied by Julie Moss Buttree chooses a plot of land next to the city of Santa Fé, where he decides to build Seton Castle in the center of Seton Village. The construction takes place in the two following years.

1932

The College of Indian Wisdom is established in Seton Village. It is an institute focusing on teaching Indian wisdom and practical skills.

1934 – 1936

Times of the most intense lecturing activity across the entire United States, but also overseas.

1936

As part of his European tour, Seton and his second wife make a short stop in Prague as well. Seton works on the book The Gospel of the Redman.

1940

Seton's autobiography Trail of the Artist Naturalist is released in Miloslav Vavrda's Czech translation under the title Cesta životem a přírodou (A Trail Through Life and Nature). The College of Indian Wisdom terminates its activity. Seton considers the organization Woodcraft Rangers to be the continuator of WLA.

1946

On October 23, E. T. Seton passes away in his home.

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An overview of important dates in the life of Grace Gallatin Thompson Seton,

Picture from p. 17 Grace Gallatin Seton 1900. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 18 The Sinawa assembly at Wyndygoul, 1905, from the left: the tribal chief Harold Ferris, the firemaker E. T. Seton, Grace Seton, X. ~z~ WR
Picture from p. 19 Grace and E. T. Seton in Indian outfits, 1916 New York. ~a~ PT

a writer, traveller, fighter, the first wife and cooperator of Ernest Thompson Seton, the mother of his only own daughter Ann, and a co-founder of the Woodcraft League of America.

1872

Grace is born on 28 January in Sacramento, California, in the family of a railway tycoon Albert Gallatin (1835–1905).

1881

Grace's parents get divorced and the 9-year-old remains in her mother's custody. As agreed, her father is to pay child support and a one-time payment of 10,000 dollars when she reaches adulthood (18 years). From that moment, Grace travels constantly.

1888

She visits Paris with her mother for the first time, where she begins her career as a writer at the age of 16. Under the pseudonym Dorothy Dodge she sends messages from there to San Francisco to the daily The Morning Call, as well as to other magazines in Paris, London or New York (N. Y.).

1892

She completes her studies at Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn (N. Y.)

1894

She takes a second trip to Paris with her mother. During the cruise across the ocean aboard the ship Spaarndam she meets the man of her life, Ernest Thompson Seton. This is the beginning of the 25 years of their cooperation which makes Seton famous worldwide.

1896

Upon return, Ernest and Grace get married and move to an apartment in New York. They open doors to the community for each other. Grace has connections in the world of literature, and Ernest among artists, hunters and naturalists. Ernest paints and Grace prepares a selling exhibition of his paintings for the spring of the following year.

1897

At the exhibition opening in March they receive an offer from George O. Shields to spend the summer in Yellowstone and collect materials for their future literary and artistic work. Seton writes and illustrates a number of stories, Grace prepares them to be published as a book. In order to enhance the esthetic impression of the publication, she gets deeply interested in technical possibilities of printing and binding as well.

1898

The outcome of the creative process is the book Wild Animals I Have Known which reaps phenomenal success. It is unusual not only because of its contents, but also because it was one of the first books ever to use two-color print; this is typical for all the books arising from the Setons' cooperation. They spend the summer in Yellowstone again.

1899

Seton begins to give paid lectures, and Grace, having until then sidelined her literary ambitions in favor of her partner, begins to work on her own book. The Setons learn that in nearby Connecticut there is the land of a former Indian reservation for sale. Grace believes that her father will pay her her money, therefore both of them invest all their money into the land.

1900

Grace welcomes the new century with her first book A Woman Tenderfoot. In May they finally become the land owners, and because Seton earned a lot during the winter, they do not need to wait for Grace's father to pay her the money, and are able to start building a house which Seton names Wyndygoul. The couple spends summer in Europe this time. They visit Norway together, and in September upon arrival, Seton motivates local boys from Cos Cob to start Sinawa, the first Woodcraft Indian tribe.

1901

However, having suffered great financial losses, Albert Gallatin does not want to pay anything. What follows is Grace's lawsuit against her father for the unpaid money and a jorney to California which fails to bring the expected result. The Setons spend the summer at Wyndygoul, and in August they go hunting in Colorado where, however, they get detained for violating the animal protection laws in the beginning of October, and are forced to return.

1902

The events of the preceding year lead to a delay in Seton's work on his new book Two Little Savages. Yet the success of Seton's articles and the fast growth of the Woodcraft Indian movement provides the couple with new energy and inspiration.

1903

In summer, the book Two Little Savages is finally published – and it is a blockbuster.

1904

On January 23, their daughter Ann is born. In autumn Seton does his first lecture tour around England and, in the meantime, Grace begins to work on their common book dedicated to baby Ann.

1905

The book Woodmyth & Fables is released, and on October 14 Albert Gallatin dies of a stroke.

1906

At the beginning of November a desicion is delivered to Grace that a new six-rail electric railway is supposed to run through their plot of land. Because Seton is in England, where he meets Baden-Powell for the first time, she reaches out to Samuel Untermyer's and A. L. Shipman's law firm from Hartford for help and departs for Europe so that she can consult her husband on how to proceed. However, before her departure, she makes the matter known to the media. They both return from England right before Christmas. In the meantime, the railway company abandons its plan thanks to the attention drawn by Grace's quickwitted reaction.

1907

Seton goes off to an expedition to northwestern Canada, and Grace works on her second book, Nimrod’s Wife, where she elaborates on their common experiences from Sierra Nevada in California, Canada and Norway.

1910

In the U.S. a nationwide scout organization is about to be founded. The couple works on the book Rolf in the Woods. Grace begins to get involved in a feminist movement.

1911

Because the organization Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is based on Baden-Powell's model that does not count with girls, the wives of the BSA founders take initiative and begin to work on establishing a girls' organization. Grace makes it her business to write a handbook for the future organization, the manuscript of which she submits in the beginning of May 1911. But then a cold shower comes. She is accused of plagiarising her husband's book, and in the end a handbook for the organization Camp Fire Girls (CFG) is written in the following year by Luther H. Gulick with the use of Grace's materials.

1912

Humiliated, Grace backs off. She stops her involvement in CFG and gets interested in philosophy and mysticism. In February, she sails away to England with her husband, and continues to Egypt on her own from there. They return together in April.

1914

The Setons befriend the Hoisington family. Ann, Hoisingtons' daughter Elizabeth and a few other friends start the first girls' woodcraft tribe Apawamis.

1915

In autumn, an assembly is held by Little Peequo Lake, where the existing woodcrafting tribes come to agreement on the establishment of The Woodcraft League of America (WLA), the first secular organization intended for both sexes and all generations. Seton begins to construct a building near the place, which is meant to become the organization's headquarters.

1916

An extensive campaign in favor of WLA is run in the media, and the pilot edition of the book The Birch Bark Roll intended for girls is released. Grace, unconditionally supporting the war effort of France and England, establishes the motorized unit Le Bien-Être du Blessé together with other female woodcrafters.

1917

Grace remains active in fighting for equal rights for women as well. In June she leads a suffragettes' (National Suffrage Association) protest march. The USA enter the war. Seton offers his services to the army, but gets rejected due to his age. To protect her family's honor, Grace heads to France in December. Before she leaves, she manages to prepare an updated edition of a woodcrafting manual for the following year, 1918.

1919

Grace returns from war with the highest honors. In the meantime, another woman, Julia M. Buttree, appears by Seton's side.

1922

Grace takes another trip to Egypt in spring, and to China in autumn.

1923

Upon return she releases another book, A Woman Tenderfoot in Egypt. Her daughter Ann gets married on June 30. At this time, Seton's partnership with Grace ends definitively.

1924

Grace's book Chinese Lanterns about her journey to China gets published. She also participates in the revision of The Birch Bark Roll (for the last time).

1925

Her mother Clemenzia Angelina Rhodes Gallatin is buried in De Winton. Another book by Grace comes out – Yes, Lady Saheb about her journey to India.

1926

Grace is offered to take part in a scientific expedition to Brazil. Then she continues via Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru all the way to Chile where the first women's international congress is held.

1932

She releases a book called Look-See about her journey to Brazil.

1934

The financial crisis ends in the U.S. and the married couple gets divorced in September. Grace is 62, she writes her last book and is further involved in women's movement only. She works on the establishment of a large-scale library called Bibliotheca Femina, in which she collects more than 2,000 volumes by female authors from 37 countries of the world.

1938

Her last book Poison Arrows is published.

1941

Blood doesn't lie, Ann becomes a writer like her parents. She publishes her first book My Theodosia and launches her own successful career in literature.

1948

After Grace's ex-husband Ernest's death (1946), all rights to their books are transferred to her. In cooperation with the organization Woodcraft Rangers, the last, fundamentally revised version of The Birch Bark Roll – Memorial Edition – is created under her auspices.

1959

At old age, Grace suffers from arthtitis, which is why she spends every winter at Palm Beach in Florida. There she also dies on March 19 at the age of 87.

Roots Of Woodcraft

Picture from p. 20 1. The cabin Walden where Thoreau used to live. ~z~ AO
Picture from p. 20 2. The cover of the first sporting magazine American Turf, 1/1830. ~z~ AO
Picture from p. 20 3. The cover of the magazine "Recreation", 1894. ~z~ AO
Picture from p. 20 4. The cover of Shields Magazine, 1910. ~z~ AO
Picture from p. 20 5. The credo of American Sportsmen. ~z~ KO
Picture from p. 20 6. The emblem of the Camp Fire Club of America. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 20 7. A picture of archers from the magazine American Turf 9/1830, John Sartain (T. Sully). ~z~ AO
Picture from p. 21 G. O. Shields 1889. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 21 G. W. Sears 1860. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 21 H. D. Thoreau 1847. ~z~ WI

The founder of the Woodcraft Indians movement Ernest Thompson Seton – Black Wolf (1860–1946) had his predecessors whose ideas and actions would later inspire his successors and the admirers of woodcrafting. Let us introduce at least some of them here. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) spent two years by Walden Pond and published the book Walden or Life in the Woods about it in 1854. Until today the novel has been considered a top-class read about woodcrafting thanks to its contents. George Washington Sears – Nessmuk (1821–1890) wrote a handbook about camping and survival in the wild, which he named Woodcraft (1884). George Oliver Shields – Coquina (1846–1925) first established the selective Camp Fire Club of America in 1897 and the League of American Sportsmen a year later, the president of which was Seton. The sportsmen would – just like woodcrafters nowadays – undertake a wide range of activities including camping and competitions that took place in nature for the amusement and recreation of the body and soul. A sportsman who wished to wander through American wilderness of the 19th century was a woodsman, but also a nimrod who enjoyed hunting and survival skills.

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Sportsmen, i.e. hunters for whom hunting was a form of recreation, considered themselves gentlemen, and in the beginning there were so few of them in the U.S. that they knew each other. They used to meet up and, apart from hunting, they would pursue other hobbies such as archery, yachting, and so on. This why the word "sport" would begin to encompass activities other than hunting over time.

Among influential sportsmen was George Washington Sears – Nessmuk (1821–1890) who wrote the first camping handbook called Woodcraft in 1884. It was his hobby to travel along rivers alone on ultralight canoes that he would design himself.

He was one of 10 children. When he was 8 years old and was supposed to start working in a factory, he ran away and lived in nature with Nessmuk, a little Indian boy from the Narragansett tribe, whose name he would later use as a literary pseudonym. His life story could have inspired E. T. Seton when he was writing Rolf in the Woods.

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After the Civil War (1861–1865) industry started developing quickly in America. Because of this, animal populations would diminish, just like their refuges.

George Oliver Shields – Coquina (1846–1925) was the first to notice the upcoming disaster. Originally he would make a living as a lawyer, ensuring the purchases of land for railway companies. Due to his work he spent time at the western border of the USA, which kept expanding further and further. With his own eyes he saw deserted plains on which seeminly endless herds of bison had still fed recently. Like Nessmuk, he started to write about his travels, and in his time he was just as popular as Seton quarter a century later.

In 1894 he sold all his property and invested in the magazine Recreation, so that he could publish photos of hunters who had swapped guns for cameras. Among Shields's contributors there were also many artists whose photographs captured the disappearing world of indigenous peoples of North America.

In March 1897 Grace Gallatin organized a selling exhibition of Seton's paintings in New York, where Shields proposed to pay for Seton's summer stay in Yellowstone if he writes and draws something specially for Shields's magazine Recreation. In the same year they founded the Camp Fire Club of America (CFCA) together. The club had about a hundred members and, according to a report from that time, they would entertain themselves in a way similar to Seton's Woodcraft Indians. The only difference was that they were all adults. There is even a variation of Seton's roll for CFCA members.

In 1898 Shields initiated the establishment of the organization the League of American Sportsmen (LAS). The aim of LAS was to pass animal protection laws in the USA, therefore Shields set the membership fee amount to be only 1 dollar in order to gain as many members as possible. He supported an organization of 200,000 members with his own sources. He got indebted and had to sell Recreation in 1904. Afterwards he would issue a more modest Shield's Magazine until the definitive end of LAS in 1912.

Shields then lived off lectures about birds and died in 1925, forgotten by all.

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"I think that I cannot preserve my health and spirits, unless I spend four hours a day at least — and it is commonly more than that — sauntering through the woods and over the hills and fields", the American author, poet, amateur naturalist and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) wrote in his essay "Walking". This quotation is one of the many examples of why this author and his thoughts have served until today as one of the basic sources of inspiration for the ideals of woodcraft.

Although Thoreau never dealt with the education of youth, his work contains his views about how beneficial spending time in nature is for both human health and mental development – for which, however, manual work is necessary as well.

"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived", reads Thoreau's most famous book Walden; or, Life in the Woods, first published in 1854. On the Czech lands, Zdeněk Franta's translation of Walden was released already in 1902 by the publisher Jan Leichter.

Unlike Seton, Miloš Seifert (1887–1941), the founder of Czech "forest wisdom", was strongly inspired by Thoreau's work. In 1920 in his scouting handbook Přírodou a životem k čistému lidství ("Through nature and life to pure humanity") he deals with the Waldenian philosopher in an article called "Henri David Thoreau: Průkopník našeho ideálu" (English: the pathfinder of our ideals). In the article, he emphasizes particularly Thoreau's continuous effort to improve, which is one of the cornerstones of woodcrafting education. In Thoreau's life, Seifert saw the perfect fulfilment of a woodcrafter's "ascend uphill" as described by Seton.

When it comes to "Walden" in the history of the Czechoslovak Woodcraft League, this word was used as a name for a few camps and huts, and served as the name of a Prague-based woodcrafter tribe as well.

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Seton injuns (Setonovi indoši)

Picture from p. 22 1. The Pocono tribe (Blue Herons) camping in the Pocono Mountains, 1902. ~z~ ALL
Picture from p. 22 2. The Blackbears tribe and Seton, Wyndygoul 1906. ~z~ ALL
Picture from p. 22 3. The Flying Eagle tribe, Wyndygoul 1908. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 22 4. The Blackbears tribe, Wyndygoul 1906. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 22 5. Let´s Play Indian, Everybody Magazine 10/1910, str. 47. ~a~ FFE, ~z~ HT
Picture from p. 23 6. The Sinawa tribe with a fallow deer dummy for archery, Wyndygoul asi 1903. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 23 7. The Pocotopaug tribe (Horned Kingbirds), Wyndygoul 1908. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 23 8. The Sinawa tribe, Wyndygoul 1903. ~z~ SML

Seton injuns is the original name of the woodcrafter tribes that would gradually appear in America thanks to inspiration by the ideas found in Ernest Thompson Seton's articles.

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Camp Fire Girls (CFG)

Picture from p. 24 1. A postage stamp with the CFG logo, 1960. ~z~ JB
Picture from p. 24 2. CFG camping in Alleghany State Park postcard cca 1915. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 24 3. A CFG member, postcard cca 1912. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 24 4. "The Firemaker's Desire", a poem by John Collier, wood engraving. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 24 5. The cover of a CFG handbook, 1920. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 24 6. CFG members in a canoe, Lake Sebago by the Wohelo camp, cca 1915. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 25 7. Charlotte Gulick, 1912. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 25 8. A list of Indian pictograms from Your Symbol Book, 1951. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 25 9. The CFG handbook, 1912. ~z~ HT
Picture from p. 25 10. Girls from CFG in the camp kitchen, 1915. ~z~ LOC
Picture from p. 25 11. The Minnehahha tribe, cca 1915. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 25 12. The cover of a promotional pamphlet from 1916. ~z~ WI

Camp Fire Girls was founded by girls from Thetford, Vermont, on 22 March 1911. Luther Halsey Gulick – Timanous, who adopted many ideas of his friend Ernest Thompson Seton as activities, was chosen to be the ideological leader. The Board of Directors was led by Gulick's wife Charlotte – Hiiteni, her sister-in-law Joy Farnsworth, Grace Seton, Lina Beard and other prominent American women. In September 1911, Grace Seton left CFG because of her disagreements with the Gulicks about the girls' activity handbook in preparation, and Lina Beard left soon after that. Luther Gulick published his manual for Camp Fire Girls a year later when CFG in Washington also became a nationwide organization.

Although the Camp Fire Girls did not perform coups like Seton's Indians after all, they were very close to woodcraft. Their costumes were Native American dresses, and the girls would sew beads of various colors onto them for passing tests. Also the picturesque looks of the ceremonies were quite obviously borrowed from Woodcraft Indians. The camps themselves were, however, closer to typical American camps with chalets or scouts' camps with wooden base tents.

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E. T. Seton's works

Picture from p. 26 1. E. T. Seton's ex-libris, cca 1905. ~z~ JS
Picture from p. 26 2. The first edition of the Roll, 1902. ~z~ HT
Picture from p. 26 3.– 8. The covers of Seton's woodcrafting handbooks. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 9. Two Little Savages in Russian. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 10. Two Little Savages in Italian, 1979. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 11. Two Little Savages in Slovak, 1967. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 12. Two Little Savages in Ukrainian, 2017. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 13. Two Little Savages in Finnish, 1957. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 14. Lobo in Chinese, 2012. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 15. Rolf in the Woods, Slovenia, 1958. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 16. Animal Heroes in German, 1947. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 17. Animals in Japanese, 2008. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 27 18. Animals in Polish, 1960. ~z~ WI
Picture from p. 28 A drawing of an Indian from the cover of the chronicle of the tribe "Děti Živěny" 1912–1913. ~z~ LA